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介词besides,but,except的用法区别
1.三者都可表示“除外”,但besides表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;而except或but则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”.
如:
Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him.
除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他).
Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife.
除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他).
注:在否定句中,besides也表示“除……之外不再有……”,与but,except同义.如:
No one passed the exam besides[except]Jim.
除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试.
2.关于but与except:
(1)两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而except则侧重指后面除去的部分.比较:
All are here but one.
除一个人都到了.
All are here except one.
还有一个人没到.
(2)在现代英语中,but的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
①no,no one,nobody,nothing,nowhere等
②any,anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere等
③every,everyone,everybody,everything,everywhere等
④all,none等
⑤who,what,where等
Everyone knows it but you.
除你之外大家都知道.
I hen’t told anybody but you.
除你之外,我没告诉任何人.
No one but he[him]showed much interest in it.
除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣.
一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词but,否则可能造成错句.但是except却没有以上限制.比较:
正:The window is never opened except in summer.
除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开.
误:The window is never opened but in summer.
(3)but 一定不能用于句首,except通常不用于句首:
除我之外每个人都累了.
正:Everyone is tired but(except)me.
正:Everyone but(except)me is tired.
误:But(Except)me,everyone is tired.
注:except for可用于句首,表示except的意思:
正:Except for me,everyone is tired.
3.关于except与except for:
except主要用来谈论同类的东西,而except for则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意.如:
All compositions are well written except yours.
除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好.
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误.
注:若用于句首,则except for与except同义(但except通常不用于句首).
4.关于except for与but for:
except for主要表示排除,but for主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用).如:
Except for me,everyone passed the exam.
除了我之外,大家都通过了考试.
But for my help,she would not he passed the exam.
若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试.
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡.
5.besides除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾.如:
I don’t want to go;besides,I’m too tired.
我不想去,而且我也太累了.
This car belongs to Smith,and he has two others besides.
这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部.
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